Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de 200 pacientes con loxoscelismo cutáneo y cutáneo visceral / Loxoscelism: experience in 200 patients

Background: Loxoscelism is an important public health problem in Chile and South America, due to the higher rate of cutaneous-visceral involvement. The diagnosis of loxoscelism is mostly clinical without established diagnostic criteria. There is little evidence to support any treatment used in this condition. Aim: To characterize the clinical features and epidemiology of loxoscelism among patients consulting at the Emergency and Dermatology Services of a clinical hospital between 2013 and 2017. Material and Methods: Review of medical records of patients registered in the electronic clinical record system with a confirmed diagnosis of loxoscelism. Epidemiological, clinical, laboratory tests and treatment variables were analyzed. Results: We reviewed data from 200 patients. Ninety-four percent presented cutaneous loxoscelism and 5.5% cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Systemic symptoms were present in 73% of patients with cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Patients who developed systemic symptoms had an 18 times higher risk of developing cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Laboratory abnormalities were more common in patients with cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Not all patients with hematuria had cutaneous-visceral loxoscelism. Most patients required analgesia. Anti-loxosceles serum was not used in any patient. Conclusions: Many questions remain to be answered regarding the diagnosis and treatment of the disease. Studies are required to validate diagnostic criteria for loxoscelism, predictors for visceral involvement and response to treatment.

Síndrome compartimental agudo como complicación de un loxoscelismo cutáneo edematoso / Acute compartment syndrome as a complication of cutaneous loxoscelism mainly edematous

Resumen El síndrome compartimental agudo (SCA) es el aumento de la presión en un espacio osteofascial cerrado. Esto reduce la presión capilar bajo el nivel necesario para la viabilidad de los tejidos del compartimento. El SCA de mano como complicación de un loxoscelismo cutáneo (LC) de predominio edematoso es muy poco frecuente. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 22 años que presentó un SCA de la mano secundario a un LC y que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico de urgencia mediante una fasciotomía dorsal y palmar.

Abstract Acute compartment syndrome (ACS) is the increase of pressure in a closed osteofascial space. This reduces capillary perfusion below the level necessary for tissue viability. Injury could be irreversible if proper treatment is not performed. Hand ACS secondary to cutaneous loxoscelism with edematous predominance is extremely infrequent. We present a clinical case of a 22-year-old patient who started a hand compartment syndrome secondary to cutaneous loxoscelism (CL), requiring emergency surgical treatment with dorsal and palmar fasciotomy.

Elaboración y validación de una regla de predicción clinica para identificar compromiso sistemico en casos de loxoscelismo / Preparation And Validation Of A Systemic Loxoscelism Prediction Protocol

Introducción: El loxoscelismo sistémico es la complicación más severa del loxoscelismo. El manejo del cuadro por parte del personal de salud presenta una alta variabilidad por factores que se desconocen actualmente. No se cuenta con un estándar de referencia ni con un modelo de predicción clínica que pueda guiar nuestras decisiones al momento del abordaje de un paciente con mordedura de araña. Objetivo: Elaborar y validar una regla de predicción clínica para loxoscelismo sistémico. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio observacional de derivación y validación de un modelo de predicción clínica con validación de prueba diagnóstica basada en una cohorte histórica de un solo brazo en pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Vitarte entre los años 2007 al 2016 y reportes clínicos internacionales publicados. Resultados: El loxoscelismo sistémico se presentó solo en el 32,9 % (n=24) de casos. Para el análisis bivariado, las variables que demostraron presentar una asociación estadísticamente significativa (P<0,05) fueron el sexo, mordedura en abdomen independiente en relación a otras partes del cuerpo, mordedura en otras partes del cuerpo que no sea el abdomen, vómito, fiebre y hemoglobinuria. El análisis de regresión incluyó en el análisis a las variables: sexo, vómito, fiebre y hemoglobinuria. El bootstrapping determinó la validez interna del modelo. El área bajo la curva fue de 0,91 (P<0,05) y la sensibilidad, espeficidad, LR+ y LR- fueron de 79,1%, 93,8%, 12,9 y 0,22 respectivamente. Conclusiones: El protocolo de predicción del loxoscelismo sistémico derivado es válido, por el momento.

Introduction: Systemic loxoscelism is the most severe complication of loxoscelism. The management of the cadre by health personnel presents a high variability due to factors that are currently unknown. There is no standard of reference or a clinical prediction model that can guide our decisions when approaching a spider bite patient. Objective: Develop and validate a clinical prediction rule for systemic loxoscelism. Methods: An observational study of derivation and validation of a clinical prediction model was carried out with diagnostic test validation based on a historical single-arm cohort in patients treated at Vitarte Hospital between 2007 and 2016 and international clinical reports published. Results: Systemic loxoscelism occurred only in 32.9% (n = 24) of cases. For the bivariate analysis, the variables that showed a statistically significant association (P <0.05) were sex, bite in an independent abdomen in relation to other parts of the body, bite in other parts of the body than the abdomen, vomiting , fever and hemoglobinuria. The regression analysis included in the analysis the variables: sex, vomit, fever and hemoglobinuria. Bootstrapping determined the internal validity of the model. The area under the curve was 0.91 (P <0.05) and the sensitivity, specificity, LR + and LR- were 79.1%, 93.8%, 12.9 and 0.22 respectively. Conclusions: The protocol of prediction of systemic derived loxoscelism is valid, for the moment.